Professional SAS Programming Logic

Introduction 7

1 SAS Programming 11

Running a SAS Program 11

The SAS Environment 19

Objects and Names 24

Programming Concepts 31

2 The SAS Way: Examples 35

From Fixed-Field Text Data to Analysis 35

List Input and Concatenation 48

Computation 55

3 Statements and Steps 61

Things to Look For — and What They Mean 61

Steps and SAS Datasets 69

Data Steps 72

4 Control Flow 79

Logical Constructions 79

Shaping the Observation Loop 90

Outside Connections 107

5 Variables and Values 111

Variables and Attributes 111

Data Types 119

Values 124

6 Constants and Expressions 135

Constants 135

Expressions 137

Operators 138

Function Calls 146

7 Special Kinds of Values 149

Missing Values 149

Values That Measure Time 153

Bitfields 158

Double Byte Character Set Data 159

8 Loops and Arrays 161

Arrays 161

Loops 167

Programming With Loops and Arrays 175

9 I/O 177

Storage and Other Devices 177

Names for Files 181

Engines and SAS Dataset Access 187

10 SAS Dataset I/O 191

Input SAS Datasets in the Data Step 191

Creating SAS Datasets in the Data Step 206

Updating a SAS Dataset in the Data Step 208

SAS Datasets in the Proc Step 210

11 Options for SAS Datasets 211

Dataset Options 211

Modifying SAS Datasets 216

Indexes 218

Integrity Constraints 223

Generation Datasets 225

Passwords 227

Audit Trails 229

SAS Dataset Information 231

System Options for SAS Files 233

12 Text File I/O 235

Selecting Files and Setting Options 236

Terms for Processing Records 243

Processing Input Records 249

Processing Output Records 260

Delimited Files 269

Fixed-Field Files 271

Binary Files 273

Updating a Text File 275

Data Step Windows 275

13 Informats and Formats 277

Character Fields 281

Numeric Fields 286

Binary Fields 295

Time Fields 300

Using Informats and Formats 310

14 Print Output 315

Print Files and Pages 315

Writing Print Files in the Data Step 318

Output Objects and ODS 320

Proc Step Output 326

15 Functions and CALL Routines 331

Mathematical Functions 333

Character Functions 346

Time Computation 358

Other Categories of Functions 364

16 Low-Level I/O Programming 369

SAS Dataset I/O Functions 373

Text File I/O Functions 382

Directory I/O Functions 388

17 Execution 389

The Execution Process 389

Messages and Error Handling 401

Session 407

Variability of the SAS Environment 426

18 Macro Language 431

The Objects of Macro Language 431

Macro Expressions 440

System Options for Macro Language 444

User Parameters 445

19 Proc Steps 447

Proc Step Syntax 447

Proc Step Execution 451

20 Reporting 461

PRINT 461

REPORT 467

21 Analyzing Data 479

SUMMARY 479

TABULATE 488

UNIVARIATE 494

REPORT 495

FREQ 497

CORR 500

22 Managing Data 501

SORT 501

COPY 502

APPEND 503

CATALOG 504

COMPARE 505

TRANSPOSE 506

23 SQL 509

Query Expressions 511

Database Management Actions 520

SQL Execution 525

24 Creating Formats and Informats 529

The PROC FORMAT Step 529

Value Formats 534

Value Informats 537

Picture Formats 540

Managing Stored Formats and Informats 545

Glossary 551

Index 565

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